Which of the following is included as primary authority in legal research?

Primary authority in legal research refers to the official sources of the law that govern legal issues. These are the laws and regulations that have a binding effect in a given jurisdiction. Administrative regulations are created by government agencies to implement and enforce statutory laws. They carry the force of law and are considered primary authority because they are formally enacted rules that individuals and organizations must follow, much like statutes passed by the legislature.

In contrast, legal encyclopedias, legal articles, and legal treatises are all forms of secondary authority. They provide commentary, analysis, and summaries of the law but do not have the same binding legal effect. While these sources can be extremely helpful for understanding the law and finding primary sources, they are not themselves law and thus do not qualify as primary authority.